Sciatica refers to pain that follows the path of the sciatic nerve, which runs from the lower back through the hips, buttocks, and down each leg. Rather than being a condition itself, sciatica is a term used to describe a pattern of nerve-related pain.
This article provides an educational overview of what sciatica is, what causes it, how it commonly feels, and how it may affect daily life. The information is for general education only and does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.
Understanding the Sciatic Nerve
The sciatic nerve is the longest and largest nerve in the body. It begins in the lower spine, passes through the pelvis and buttocks, and extends down the back of each leg.
Because of its length and location, irritation or compression of this nerve can cause pain or discomfort across multiple areas of the body.
What Causes Sciatica?
Sciatica occurs when the sciatic nerve becomes irritated, compressed, or inflamed. This can happen for several reasons related to the spine or surrounding structures.
Common causes include:
- Changes in the lower spine
- Disc-related pressure on nerve roots
- Narrowing of spaces in the spine
- Muscle tension near the nerve pathway
- Prolonged sitting or repetitive strain
In many cases, sciatica develops gradually, but it can also appear suddenly.
How Sciatica Feels
Sciatic pain can vary widely in intensity, duration, and sensation. Some people experience mild discomfort, while others report more persistent pain.
Sciatica is often described as:
- Sharp or shooting pain
- Burning or tingling sensations
- Electric-like discomfort
- Aching pain that travels down the leg
- Pain that worsens with certain movements
The pain usually affects one side of the body, though it can occasionally occur on both sides.
Common Areas Affected by Sciatica
Because sciatica follows the sciatic nerve pathway, pain may be felt in several locations, including:
- Lower back
- Buttocks
- Hips
- Back of the thigh
- Calf or foot
Pain may shift or travel along this path rather than staying in one spot.
Sciatica vs. General Back Pain
Sciatica differs from typical lower back pain in several ways.
General distinctions include:
- Sciatica often radiates down the leg
- Back pain may stay localized in the lower back
- Sciatica involves nerve-related sensations
- Back pain is often muscular or mechanical
Understanding these differences can help clarify why sciatica feels distinct from other types of pain.
How Sciatica Can Affect Daily Life
Sciatica can interfere with everyday activities depending on its severity and frequency.
Possible effects include:
- Difficulty sitting or standing for long periods
- Discomfort while walking or bending
- Interrupted sleep due to pain
- Reduced mobility or flexibility
- Difficulty concentrating due to discomfort
The impact of sciatica varies from person to person.
Is Sciatica Common?
Sciatica is relatively common and affects people of different ages and activity levels. It is more frequently reported in adults, particularly those who spend long periods sitting or performing repetitive movements.
Episodes may be short-term or recur over time.
When Professional Evaluation Matters
This article is for educational purposes only. Persistent, worsening, or severe pain should be evaluated by a qualified professional who can assess individual circumstances.
Key Points to Remember
- Sciatica describes pain along the sciatic nerve pathway
- It is caused by irritation or compression of the sciatic nerve
- Pain often travels from the lower back down one leg
- Sensations can include sharp, burning, or tingling pain
- Sciatica can affect daily comfort and mobility
Understanding what sciatica is can help build awareness of nerve-related pain and support informed conversations about physical health.